2007/12/22 下午 10:27
Thanks to Romain Lerallut who authored the original version for NewbieDoc and to all the
Newbiedocwriters who've contributed.
感谢NewbieDoc的原作者Romain Lerallut和所有为NewbieDoc作出过贡献的人们。
A
access permissions
A set of permissions associated with every file or directory, (including "special files"), that
determines who can Read, Write or Execute the file. Only the owner of the file or the super-user
can modify those permissions.
一组与每个文件或目录相关联的权限，（包括“特殊文件”），以决定谁能读，写或执行
文件。只有文件的所有者或超级用户才有修改那些权限。
The format of the access permissions, as shown with ls -l, is a list of 10 symbols:
访问权限的格式，就象用ls -l命令显示的那样，是一个十个符号的列表：
drwxr-xr-xdrwxr-xr-x
The first symbol is either - or d, designating whether or not the file in question is actually a
directory. After that, there are three sets of three symbols each, telling you whether a file (or
directory) is readable, writable, and executable. The three sets represent the owner, group and
"everything else" permissions, respectively. For example, the above example represents a file that
第一个符号是-或d，指明当前的文件是否是目录。该符号后面有三组符号，每组由三个符
号构成，分别告诉你文件（或目录）是否可读、可写和可执行。这三组符号分别对应所有
者，所在组和所有用户的权限。举个例子，上面的例子表明该文件：
*
Is a directory
是一个目录
*
Gives the owner read, write and executable permissions
所有者拥有读，写和执行的权限
*
Gives the group read and execute permissions
所在组拥有读和执行的权限
*
Gives everyone else read and execute permissions
其他用户也有读和执行的权限
See Also Owner, groups.
参见Owner和groups
AFAIK
As Far As I Know
就我所知
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The standard for representing letters,
numbers and control characters on 7-bits (8 bits for accentuated character sets).
美国信息交换标准码。用七位比特来描述字母、数字和控制符的标准（8位是增强字符集
）。
An ascii text file is a file that can directly be read by basic text editors, such as (cat, more, joe,
ASCII文本文件是可以被基本文本编辑器（如cat,more,joe等）直接阅读的文件。
See Also Unicode.
参见Unicode
autocompletion
A feature offered by most Shells (including but not restricted to bash, tcsh, ksh and especially zsh)
that allows the shell to complete a command when it can be done unambiguously. It sometimes
offers a list of the possible completions. Check the Manpage for your shell for exact syntax and
possible uses. With bash and tcsh, completion is achieved by pressing once on the TAB key. With
ksh, it's a double strike of the ESC key...check the Manpage.
一个被大多数Shell提供的特性（包括但不仅限于bash,tcsh,ksh和especially zsh），允许Shell
当一个命令被明白地写出时能补全该命令。有时它还可以提供一个可能的补全列表。查看
Manpage以找出你所用Shell的准确语法和合适的用法。在bash和tcsh中，补全功能是通过按
Tab键来实现的。在ksh中，它是通过双击ESC键来实现的....请查阅 Manpage。
B
background
A process is said to be running "in the background" when it is not occupying a terminal. Such
programs include daemons, as well as other stuff. You can put a running program into the
background in bash with Ctrl+Z. Bash will list the program name and a number you can use to
bring the program back to the foreground, with fg .
当一个进程没有占用一个终端时被称为正在“后台”运行，如后台守护及其他程序。你可
以在bash中用Ctrl+Z快捷键将正在运行的程序切换到后台，也可以用fg <数字>列出后台程
序名，并将数字所对应的程序切换到前台来。
binary, binaries
Binary files are files that are not written in ASCII (human-readable) format, but in succession of
bytes. Binary files include compile executable files, compressed files (including images), and some
data files that don't need/allow easy review.(Or that have special requirements: ciphering, size,
etc...)
二进制文件不是用ASCII（人们可以阅读）码格式编写的，而是由字节组成。二进制文件
包括已编译的可执行文件，压缩文件（包括图片）和一些不需要/允许可以很方便查看的
数据文件。（或是有特定需求的：保密，尺寸等）
BTW
By The Way
顺便说一句
C
C Language
One of the most powerful computer languages ever invented. Linux is written in C, as well as almost
all UNIX systems: it is thus very portable among UNIX architectures. In fact, C was invented as a
language which would make writing an operating system easier, and it was used to create UNIX in
the first place. A programmer will type C Source code source code in a text editor and then compile
it into a binary executable form.
众多被发明的功能强大的计算机语言之一。Linux就象所有UNIX系统一样也是用C语言编
写的。实现上，C语言作为一个语言被发明比操作系统更早，而且它首先被用来创建UNIX
系统。程序员可以在文本编辑器中编写C源代码，然后把它编译成二进制可执行格式。
See Also Interpreters.
参见Interpreters
chown
The chown command changes the owner of a file or directory to another user. Usage: chown
owner>
chown命令可以将文件或目录的所有者改成另一用户。用法：
chown <新的所有者> <文件/目录>
Compiler
编译器
A compiler translates a Source code (ie human readable, ASCII) into binary (machine) code, to be
executed. GCC is the GNU C Compiler, it is issued with most linux distributions.
编译器将源代码（如人们可读的，ASCII）编译成二进制（机器）代码，以便执行。GCC
是GNU C的编译器，它被大多数Linux发行版使用。
D
daemon
守护程序
A program that stays in the background, and provides services for users. Daemons are usually
asleep, and wake up only when a task is assigned to them.
驻留在后台并为用户提供服务的程序。守护程序通常是处于休眠状态，只有当任务被分配
给它们时才会被唤醒。
A good example is the printer daemon, that spends its time waiting for documents to send to the
printer.
一个很好的例子就是打印守护程序，它总是等待文档发往打印机。
See Also background.
参见background.
Debian
Debian is the distribution upon which Ubuntu is based. Like Ubuntu, Debian contains only Free
software.
Debian是Linux的发行版，Ubuntu就是基于它开发的。象Ubuntu一样，Debian也只包含自由
软件。
For any and all info, check out http://www.debian.org
更多信息请参见http://www.debian.org
There are simultaneously 3 releases of Debian GNU/Linux. One is the "stable", one the
accordingly aptly named "unstable", the middle being held by "testing". The stable one is one in
which development is stopped and packages are upgraded only for security-related bug fixing
purposes. The "unstable" is the development one. In the "testing" release can be found packages
that have survived 14 days of hard labor in the unstable area and that have been deemed fit for
service.
Debian GNU/Linux同时存在三个版本。一个是“stable”，一个相对地被称为“unstable”
，位于中间的称作“testing”。stable 版本是开发已经结束，其中的包只是为于修复安全方
面的Bug才被升级。unstable版本是正在开发的版本。而在testing版本中的包是在 unstable中
通过14天的艰苦测试被认为可以提供服务的包。
Debian was created in 1993 by Ian Murdock. It was named after him and his wife Debra: Deb-ian
(pronounce it deb-ee-ann).
Debian被Ian Murdock创建于1993年。它是用他和他妻子Debra的名字命名的。Deb-ian（读
作：deb-ee-ann）。
Dependencies
A dependency is a "link" between two packages, mainly when a package is required for another to
work or to be installed. (debconf is used to configure a number of software. It is written in perl so it
depends on package perl. Packages depending on debconf, also then depend on perl, which
depends on.....).
依赖关系是两个包之间的“联系”，主要是一个包在运行和安装时要求另一个包。
（debconf用于配置许多软件。它是用Perl编写的，因此它依赖于Perl包。那些依赖于
debconf的包，也依赖Perl包，而它也依赖于......）。
Dependencies also refer to conflicting software or versions. You can't easily remove a package if
other packages depend on it. No package management programs will allow this to happen without a
command to ignore dependencies.
依赖关系也指明软件或版本冲突。你不能很轻易地删除一个包，如果其他包也依赖它的话
。没有任何包管理软件会允许这样做，也没有任何命令会忽略依赖关系。
See Also Packages.
参见Packages。
/dev
/dev contains "pseudo files" that are really gateways into peripherals. Most peripherals are "talked
to" by one or more /dev/* files. Among them:
/deb目录包含指向外部设备的“伪文件”。大多数外设被映射成一个或更多/dev/文件。在
它们中：
*
/dev/fd0 = The first floppy disk drive (MS-DOS floppy ASmile
/dev/fd0 = 第一个软盘驱动器（MS-DOS 软盘 A盘）
/dev/fd1 = The second floppy disk drive (MS-DOS floppy BSmile
/dev/fd1 = 第二个软盘驱动器（MS-DOS 软盘 B盘）
*
/dev/hd[a-d] = IDE drives...
/dev/hd[a-d] = IDE 驱动器...
/dev/hda = controller 1 master drive
/dev/hda = 控制器1主盘
/dev/hdb = controller 1 slave drive
/dev/hdb = 控制器1从盘
/dev/hdc = controller 2 master drive
/dev/hdc = 控制器2主盘
/dev/hdd = controller 2 slave drive
/dev/hdd = 控制器2从盘
to get to the partitions, append partition number:
分区后，出现分区数：
/dev/hda1 /dev/hdb6 /dev/hdd19
*
/dev/sc[a-...] = SCSI drives
/dev/sc[a-...] = SCSI驱动器
/dev/scd = SCSI device ID 4 (<== is this right?)
/dev/scd = SCSI驱动器ID号为4（<==对吗？）
to get to the partitions, append partition number:
分区后，出现分区数：
/dev/scd7 /dev/scd13
*
depending on your sound driver,these devices are used to send/retrieve sound data:
依赖你的声音驱动器，这些设备被用于发送/取回声音数据：
/dev/audio
/dev/dsp
/dev/mixer
/dev/sequencer
/dev/tty* = remote terminal interface
/dev/tty* = 远程终端接口
/dev/tty?? shows up with the `w` command when you log in via hardwired terminal
当你用线连接终端时，/dev/tty?? 会显示“w”。
*
/dev/pts/* = pseudo-tty - ssh or (horrors!) telnet interface
/dev/pts/* = pseudo-tty -ssh或telnet接口
/dev/pts/* lets you interact with a command shell just like a real tty (above)
/dev/pts/* 让你通过命令行象真的tty一样与机器进行交互。
*
/dev/mouse = your mouse COM port
/dev/mouse = 你的鼠标COM口
Some of those files are symbolic links to others, for example:
该文件有些是软链接到其它设备接口文件的，如：
/dev/mouse -> /dev/psaux for PS/2 mice
/dev/mouse -> /dev/psaux PS/2鼠标
/dev/cdrom -> /dev/hdc if you have an IDE CD-Rom drive
/dev/cdrom -> /dev/hdc 如果你有一个IDE CD-ROM驱动器
And also many others that I don't know and that you won't have to know about unless you do wild
things with your linux box Wink.
还有我不知道的许多其他方面，你也不需要知道除非你要用你的Linux做更多的事。（box
Wink我不知道要怎么翻，还是老规矩，有请高手）
Distribution, distro, dists
"Linux" does not exist by itself. A distribution is
“Linux”本身并不存在。一个发行版是指
1.
a Linux Kernel, and
一个Linux内核
2.
applications (software).
应用程序（软件）。
The kind of software, the price of it (or lack thereof), details of the implementation, all depend on
the distribution.
软件的种类，价格（或没有），实施细节全依赖于发行版。
Among them: Debian, Red Hat, SuSe, Slackware, Mandrake ... and lots of others.
它们包括：Debian，Red Hat, SuSe, Slackware, Mandrake ... 以及其他很多。
They mostly differ by the tools they offer to manage and or install the system.
它们提供的用于管理或安装系统的工具大部分是不同的。
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