Linux WIKI （III）(IJKLM)

2007/12/22 下午 10:28
I

IIRC

If I (Recall|Remember) Correctly
如果我记得没错的话

IMHO

In My (Honest|Humble) Opinion
据我看来（坦率地说|以我之愚见）

Image

Computer Graphics: an image is a bidimensional array of colored/gray/BW points. It can be stored

in a large numbre of formats (gif,png,jpg,tiff,bmp...) and can be displayed with an even larger

number of tools. Web browsers, image viewers or image processing tools, such as The Gimp.
计算机绘图：图像是由彩色/灰色/黑白点组成的二维数组。它可以用大量的格式来保存（

如gif,png,jpg,tiff,bmp...）同时也可以用更多的工具来显示。网页浏览器，图像观看和处理

工具，如Gimp。

Files: an image is an exact copy of a chunk of data. Usually, images are used when creating bootable

CDs or floppies, by copying an image of a linux kernel on them. Another use is when burning CDs:

you first create a hard disk image of whatever you want to copy (files or raw audio data) and then

you copy this image to the CDR.
文件：映像是大块数据的精确拷贝。映像通常在创建可引导光盘或软盘时使用，为了能在

它们上面拷贝一个Linux内核映像。另一个用法应试是在烧录CD时：你首先创建一个你要

拷贝的（文件或未加式的音频数据）的硬盘映像，然后将该映像拷到CDR上。

Interpreters

a program that can executes commands read from a text file.
能从文本文件中读取并执行命令的程序

The shell is an interpreter, so are perl, tcl/tk, python, scheme, and to some extent, Java.
Shell就是一个解释程序，因此象perl, tcl/tk, python, scheme和java（在某些程序上）也都是

。

A shell (or perl, or any other) script does not need to be compiled, so it is very portable. However

interpreted languages are usually not as fast as compiled languages such as C, and they depend on

the presence of the interpreter.
一个Shell（或是perl和其他）脚本不需要被编译，因此它极易移植。然而解释语言通常不

如编译语言如C语言那么快，并且它们依赖解释程序的存在。

J

Java

"A highly portable object-oriented language whose syntax is based on C++'s"
“一个基于C++语法的高可移植性的面向对象语言”

Java is currently a very popular language. It is object-oriented and was originally designed by Sun

Microsystems to provide developers with a very portable language for use on a multitude of devices.
Java是当前非常流行的语言。它是面向对象的，最初被Sun Microsystems设计用来为开发者

提供可以在多种设备上使用的高可移植性语言。

Traditionally, a Java program is interpreted by a Java Virtual Machine: a software emulation of a

standard processing environment (processor, memory, stack, etc.).
Java程序一般是被Java虚拟机解释执行的。Java虚拟机是一个提供标准处理环境的仿真软件

The JVM is different on every architecture, but the Java program doesn't need any modification or

compilation when switching from one architecture to another. This makes some Java programs

exceptionally slow on some occasions, compared to equivalent programs in C++. However, its very

high degree of portability make it ideal to expand the client-server software concept.
JVM（Java虚拟机）在不同体系结构上都是不同的，但Java程序在一个体系结构切换到另一

个时却不需要经过任何的修改或编译。这也使得某些Java程序在某些环境下相对于实现相

同功能的C++程序而言显得异常缓慢。然而，它的高可移植性使之成为扩展client-server（

客户端-服务器，即我们常说的CS结构）概念的规范。

The latest advances in the development of Java now include direct compilation, making the

programs much faster, and expansion in the computer graphics area.
当前Java开发中的最新进展是包含了直接编译功能，以便程序运行的更快，同时扩展了在

计算机图形领域方面的功能

joe

A text editor. ( Actually, it's "Joe's Own Editor" ). joe is based primarily on WordStar, a formerly

very popular program for MS-DOS.
一种文本编辑器。（实际上，它是“Joe自己的编辑器”）。Joe主要基于WordStar（一个

以前在MS-DOS下非常流行的程序）开发的。

See Also Emacs, Recursive.
参见Emacs, Recursive

K

Kernel

The core of a linux system, the kernel is loaded right after your bootloader starts booting linux, and

starts the system according to your configuration.
Linux系统的核心部分，内核在你的引导程序开始引导Linux之后被引导，然后按照你的配

置开始运行系统。

It is the "conductor" of the linux orchestra.
它是Linux系统的“指挥”

Versions of the Kernel:
内核的版本号：

* First (major) number: the "Great Number", that changes once every so often.
* 第一（主）版本号：“重要版本号”，常常会改变。

* Second (minor)number: the release number.It is even for stable releases and odd for development

ones.
* 第二（次）版本号：发行版本号，偶数为稳定版本，奇数为开发版本。

* Third number (patch): the update number, usually bug-fixes, or small upgrades.
* 第三版本号（补丁）：更新版本号，通常是Bug修复或小的升级。

[ Do NOT (as I once did Smile install a kernel with an odd minor number (i.e. 2.3 and hope it will

work completely as you expect. Being odd means means this is a development kernel, paving the

road for the next even, stable release. (i.e. 2.4).
请不要（我就曾经做过）安装次版本号为奇数的内核（如：2.3），并期望它能按你所希望

的那样完美地工作。奇数版本号意味着那是正在开发的内核，是为下一个稳定版本作好铺

垫（如：2.4版）。

L

Linux

in the truest sense of the word, "Linux" refers only to the kernel.
从单词确切的意义来说，“Linux”仅仅是指内核。

What most people people call "Linux" is in fact usually "GNU/Linux", at least according to the

Free Software Foundation.
大多数人通常所说的“Linux”实际上是指“GNU/Linux”，起码是按照自由软件基金会

的说法。

"Linux" comes from UNIX (of course) and Linus Torvalds, who wrote one of the first free Unix-

based kernel. It was used by the GNU project as a kernel for their system while the HURD kernel

was|is in development.
“Linux”来源于UNIX（当然）和Linus Torvalds，编写了第一个自由的类UNIX内核的人。

它被GNU项目组用来当作他们系统的内核，因为那时他们的HURD内核正在开发中。

[By the way, some people are still fighting over whether to say lie nucks , or lee nux. Make up your

mind but choose swiftly , this battle is a bloody mess Wink. Linus Torvalds had to issue a recording

of how HE said it!]
[顺便说一句，一些人一直在争论它是读成lie nucks还是lee nux。下决心快速地选一个。这

场论战导致了相当的混乱，以致于Linus Torvalds不得有发布他是如何读它的录音。

M

Mailing lists

There are many (hundreds at least) of user lists, but first browse the archives. Some of those gurus

don't like answering the same question fifty times.
现在有很多（至少有几百个）用户列表，但是请首先浏览存档。这些邮件列表中的一些专

家不想五十多次都回答同一个问题。

They are the closest thing you may find to a "Hot-Line".
这些都是最近出现的，你也许可以找到一条“热线”

Manpage

A specially-formatted file that offers information about a specific command or topic.
一种特定格式的文件，主要提供指定命令或主题的相关信息。

man ls

calls the manpage for the command ls, showing syntax, options,etc.
调用命令ls的在线手册，以显示语法，可选项等等。

Most programs install their own manual in the same place (usually /usr/share/man, though that

may vary. A variable MANPATH exists and should point to all the directories containing

manpages).
大多数程序都在同一个地方安装他们自己的手册（通常是/usr/share/man，尽管 也许有可

能不同。变量MANPATH会指向所有包括在线手册的目录）

Mount

A file system is organized in a tree-form, with subdirectories.In order to access another filesystem

(other partitions, disks,etc) one needs to mount it. That is, specify the type of the filesystem

(ext3,fat...) and the directory where to put the root of the new filesystem in the directory tree.
文件系统是用带子目录的树形结构组织的。为了访问其他文件系统（另一个分区，磁盘等

）而需要挂载它。那需要指定文件系统的类型（Ext3，Fat．．．）和目录树中放置新文件

系统根的目录所在。

If you have a dos disk called C in which there are the files autoexec.bat and config.sys, then the

command
如果你有一个被称为C的Dos磁盘，其中包括着autoexec.bat和config.sys文件，然后命令：
mount -t msdos /dev/hda1 /mnt/dos

will link C:\ to directory /mnt/dos. So
将C:\链接到/mnt/dos目录。于是
ls /mnt/dos

will give:
将得到：

autoexec.bat config.sys

Linux filesystems are usually automatically mounted during the boot phase,starting with the root

filesystem, and then the others: /usr, /home, etc.
Linux的文件系统通常能在引导阶段自动被挂载，开始是根文件系统，然后是/usr，/home

等等。

check your /etc/fstab for more info
查看/etc/fstab以得到更多信息。

Be careful when changing /etc/fstab, don't mount /usr/local before having mounted /usr, it does

not make sense...
当改变/etc/fstab时要小心，不要在挂载/usr之前挂载/usr/local，那是不合理的。

WARNING: The directory called the mount point MUST exist and it MUST ABSOLUTELY be

EMPTY prior to the mounting operation, or else you will hide files possibly needed for the system's

stability.
警告：被称为挂载点的目录必须存在，并且它绝对必须在挂载操作前为空，否则为了系统

的稳定你也必须将文件尽可能的隐藏起来。

So do NOT mount ANYTHING over / unless you really know what you are doing.
因此不要挂载任何东西在/目录上，除非你确实知道你在干什么。

If you think you feel the need for such a stunt, take a look at the chroot command.
如果你认为你觉得确实需要那样的话，看一看chroot命令。